Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte / Influence of mycotoxicological and nutritional quality of maize hybrids on broiler chickens feed cost

Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)

Toxicidad oral aguda de los extractos etanólicos de Eucalyptus globulus, Morinda citrifolia, Peperomia glauca, Schinus molle y Zea mays en ratones BALB/c 53 / Acute oral toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus, Morinda citrifolia, Peperomia glauca, Schinus molle and Zea mays ethanolic extracts on BALB/c 53 mice

Objetivo. Evaluar la toxicidad aguda de los extractos etanólicos del Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalipto), Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Peperomia glauca (pino) (congona), Schinus molle L. (molle) y Zea mays L. (Maíz morado) en ratones Balb/c 53. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 60 ratones machos divididos en seis grupos (eucalipto, noni, congona, molle, maíz morado y control). Los grupos tratados recibieron por vía oral una dosis única de 2000 mg/kg de los extractos etanólicos, y el grupo control recibió polisorbato 2 mL/kg al 3%. Se evaluó ganancia de peso, valores hematológicos (hematocrito, eritrocitos, hemograma, leucocitos, plaquetas), bioquímica sérica (úrea, creatinina, ALT, proteínas totales, albumina, globulinas), histopatología hepática y renal. Resultados. Se observó signos de inquietud, excitación y aparente fotosensibilidad en el grupo eucalipto, por una hora. Se encontró leucopenia en grupos congona, molle, eucalipto y maíz morado; trombocitopenia en grupos eucalipto y molle, y elevación del ALT en los grupos congona y eucalipto, en comparación con los valores del grupo control. La ganancia de peso, los demás valores hematológicos, así como la bioquímica renal y hepática en los otros grupos no fueron significativos. Conclusiones. En las condiciones experimentales no se observó signos de toxicidad ni mortalidad en el ensayo; la DL50 de los extractos etanólicos estaría sobre los 2000 mg/kg.

Objective. This study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Eucalipto), Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Peperomia glauca (pino) (Congona), Schinus molle L. (molle) y Zea mays L. (maíz morado) in Balb/c mice. Materials and methods. Sixty male mice were divided into 6 groups (Eucalipto, Noni, Congona, Molle, Maíz morado and Control) of 10 each were used. The guide for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 423) was followed for the study. The treated group received for gavage a single dose at 2000 mg/kg and the control group received polysorbate at 2 mL/kg at 3%. Weight gain, hematological values (hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemogram, leukocytes, platelets), serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine, ALT, total proteins, albumin, globulins), hepatic and renal histopathology were performed. Results. No signs of mortality and morbidity were observed as a consequence of the administration of the extracts, except for the Eucalipto group, which presented restlessness, excitation and apparent photosensitivity for one hour. There was leukopenia in Congona, Molle, Eucalipto and Maíz morado groups; thrombocytopenia in groups Eucalipto and Molle; and elevations of ALT in Congona and Eucalipto groups in comparison than the values from control group. Weight gain and other hematological values, as well as renal and hepatic biochemistry in the other groups were not significant. Conclusions. Under experimental conditions no signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in the trial; the LD50 of the ethanolic extracts would be above 2000 mg/kg.

Ganho de peso, consumo de ração e histologia de órgãos de leitões alimentados com rações contendo baixos níveis de fumonisina B1 / Weight gain, feed consumption and histology of organs from piglets fed rations containing low levels of fumonisin B1

A fumonisina B1 (FB1) é um metabólito secundário produzido principalmente por Fusarium verticilioides em diversos tipos de alimentos, principalmente o milho, o qual constitui a base para composição de rações para várias espécies de animais domésticos. A FB1é particularmente tóxica para suínos, cujas manifestações clínicas são evidentes em animais expostos a altas concentrações de FB1 na ração (em geral, acima de 30mg/kg). No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da FB1em suínos alimentados com rações contendo baixas concentrações de fumonisinas, as quais são mais prováveis de serem encontradas em condições de campo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição de leitões a baixos níveis de FB1 na ração, durante 28 dias, sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, peso relativo de órgãos e aspectos histológicos do baço, fígado, pulmões, rins e coração. Vinte e quatro leitões foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais e alimentados com rações contendo 0mg (controle), 3,0mg, 6,0mg ou 9,0mg FB1/kg de ração. As diferentes dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso e nem o peso relativo dos órgãos analisados. Não foram constatadas lesões macroscópicas ou histopatológicas no baço, fígado, rins e coração. No entanto, foram observadas lesões histopatológicas nos pulmões de todos os suínos alimentados com rações contaminadas com fumonisinas, indicando que nenhum dos níveis de FB1 usados no experimento poderia ser considerado como seguro para suínos. São necessários novos estudos sobre os mecanismos de ação tóxica da FB1 em suínos, sobretudo em condições de exposição prolongada a baixos níveis de contaminação na ração.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Fusarium verticilioides in several types of foods, particularly corn, which is the basis for composition of feed for several domestic animals. FB1 is particularly toxic to pigs, being the clinical manifestations evident in animals exposed to high concentrations of FB1 in the diet (generally above 30mg/kg). However, there are few studies on the effects of FB1 on pigs fed rations containing low concentrations of fumonisin, which are most probably found under field conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 28-day exposure of piglets to low levels of FB1 in the feed on the weight gain, feed consumption, organ weights and histological aspects of the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. Twenty-four pigs were assigned into 4 experimental groups and fed diets containing 0mg (control), 3.0mg, 6.0mg or 9.0mg FB1/kg diet. The different diets did not affect (P>0.05) the weight gain or the weight of organs examined. There were no macroscopic or histological lesions in the spleen, liver, kidneys and heart. However, histological lesions were found in the lungs from all animals fed rations containing fumonisin, hence indicating that none of the FB1 levels used in the experiment could be considered as safe for piglets. Further studies on the mechanisms of toxic action of FB1 in pigs are needed, particularly under conditions of prolonged exposure to low contamination levels in the diet.

Botulismo em bovinos leiteiros no Sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Botulism in dairy cattle in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Neste trabalho descreve-se um surto de botulismo decorrente da ingestão de milho contaminado em um sistema de produção de leite, em regime de confinamento, na região Sul de Minas Gerais. O rebanho era composto por 148 vacas holandesas lactantes de alta produção, confinadas em tempo integral e alimentadas com dieta completa, composta de silagem de milho e concentrado. Foram afetados 38 bovinos, verificando-se letalidade de 100 por cento. Amostras de conteúdo intestinal, ruminal e fígado de sete animais necropsiados e amostras de água dos bebedouros e do milho utilizado na alimentação foram submetidas ao bioensaio e à soroneutralização para a detecção de toxina botulínica. Toxinas dos tipos C e D foram detectadas nas amostras de conteúdo intestinal, ruminal e milho. O surto descrito mostra que o milho estocado em condições inadequadas pode ser um fator de risco para a ocorrência da doença.

An outbreak of bovine botulism in a dairy herd caused by ingestion of contaminated maize, in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil is described. The herd was composed by 148 lactating cows of high milk production fed with diet based on maize ensilage and concentrate in a free stall system. Thirty eight cows were affected, with 100 percent of fatality rate. Samples from intestine, rumen and liver of necropsied cattle and drinking water and maize were submitted to the mouse bioassay and soroneutralization tests for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxins. Types C and D toxins were detected in samples from intestinal and rumen contents and maize. The reporter of an outbreak of botulism in cattle associated with an unusual source of toxin, shows that stocked maize in inadequate conditions is a factor of risk for the occurrence of the botulism in dairy cattle.

Pirimiphos-methyl residues in corn and popcorn grains and in some of their processed products

Insecticides are used for stored cereal protection against insect attack and the occurrence of their residues needs to be evaluated not only in grain but also in the processed products. This study evaluates the residue degradation/persistence of the organophosphorous insecticide pirimiphos-methyl in corn and popcorn grains and in some of their processed products such as bran, hominy and corn flour from corn and popped popcorn. Grains were treated with pirimiphos-methyl at the rate of 12 mg.kg-1 (a.i.). Samples were taken and analyzed at zero, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 days after treatment. The analytical method consisted of residue extraction with acetone, clean-up partition with acetonitrile/hexane and silica gel column chromatography eluted with a mixture of hexane + acetone. Quantitative measurements were made by gas chromatography, using flame photometric detector (GLC/FPD). The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were: corn grain, hominy and popped popcorn 0.05 mg.kg-1; bran, corn flour and popcorn grain 0.1 mg.kg-1. Pirimiphos-methyl residues were not persistent in either types of grains or in their processed products. At the end of sampling period (240 days), 5 to 8-fold less residues were found in corn bran and popcorn. Hominy and corn flour showed low levels of contamination. Higher residue concentrations in corn bran than in grains are related to the higher oil content in that processed product

Survey of moniliformin in corn cultivated in the state of São Paulo and in corn products commercialized in the city of Campinas, SP

Moniliformin, a toxin produced by Fusarium, was investigated in 22 samples of corn, 17 coming from districts of the state of São Paulo and 4 from experimental plots of the Campinas Institute of Agronomy, Brazil. The toxin was also investigated in 68 samples of corn products commercialized in Campinas, SP. Moniliformin was not detected in any sample.

Sampling plan for the analysis of aflatoxin in peanuts and corn: an update

The aim of this paper was to update the sampling plan for analysis of mycotoxins in grains, formerly published by the author. The proposed alterations were based on the acquired experience on its application and on FAO recommendations. This update restricts the scope of the former plan and establishes a sampling plan for analysis of aflatoxin in peanuts and corn, by means of modified formulas, the minimum number of sacks or points (when in bulk) from which incremental samples should be drawn to make a bulk sample. Fractional exponents (square roots) of the formulas proportionally decrease the number of sacks/points to be sampled as the lot size increases. Operating Characteristic (OC) curves developed for in-shell and shelled peanuts and corn as well as trend curves of the coefficient variation for different sample sizes (weights) are presented.

Effects of corn feeding and protein restriction on free amino acid concentration in the rat cerebellum

To determine the effect of low protein and cornbased diets on the maturation of cerebellum, three groups of young rats were fed during a period of 6 weeks with different diets; 23 and 8 percent of protein (purina-Chow base) and a corn-based diest (8 percent protein). At the end of that period, the concentrations of free amino acids in the cerebellum was measured. Glutamic acid, glucine, glutamine and serine showed the highest values in all groups studied. Corn-based diet group showed the lowest free amino acid concentration compared to that of the control group, with a significant diminutions in the concentration of glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine and histidine. Differences between essential and nonessential amino acids were not observed in all groups studied. Although corn-based diet did not induce specific changes as those reported in severe malnutrition, its effects on the concentration of some amino acids other than tryptophan could have some physiological correlations which need to be further studied

Incidencias de toxinas de fusarium en el maíz y prodectos de la molienda / Corn and grinding by-products incidence of Fusarium toxins

Se estudió la incidencia de toxinas de Fusarium (tricotecenos y zearalenoma) en 100 muestras de grano entero y su dustribución en los subproductos (provenientes de 32 muestras de grano entero) de la molienda húmedad del maíz originario del centro y norte de la provincia de Santa Fe, Republica de Argentina. El análisis de las micotoxinas se llevó a cabo por cromatrografía en capa delgada. El 33% de las muestras de grano entero resultaron contaminadas con deoxinivalenol (DON) en un rango entre trazas y 1,200 *g/Kg. El 15% de las muestras contenían toxina T-2 entre 900 y 2.400 *g/kg. Zearalenoma fue detectada solamente en una muestra en nivel de trazas. Diacetoxiscirpenol (DAS), nivaleno (NIV) y neosolaniol (NS) fueron encontrados en un bajo porcentaje de muestras (7%). El 7% de las muestras presentó contaminación con más de una micotoxina. Cabe destacar que DON fue encontrado contaminando sólo aquellos subproductos destinados al consumo humano. En cambio toxina T-2 fue detectada tanto en subproductos destinados al consumo humano como vegetal

Mycological evaluation of filtrated juice of agrave sisalana perrine's leafe

Conforme observado por Salomäo e Purchio, 1982, o suco filtrado da folha de Agave sisalana apresenta substância inibitória do crescimento de Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus e em doses subnibitórias interfere na síntese de aflatoxinas. Seguindo esta linha de pesquisa, verificou-se esta atividade inibitória em amostras de milho contaminadas pelos fungos toxigênicos citados. Realizou-se testes demonstrando a eficiência dessa atividade em 3 amostras de A. parasiticus, de A. flavus e 3 de Aspergillus sp. Esterilizou-se as amostras de miho por óxido de etileno sendo posteriormente colocadas em erlenmeyer. As amostras foram umedecidas com suco e contaminadas por fungos toxigênicos. Evidenciou-se inibiçäo de crescimento nos experimentos realizados, demonstrando-se, assim, a possibilidade do emprego do suco filtrado de A. sisalana para tal finalidade. Foram realizadas avaliaçöes toxicológicas do suco para animais de laboratório